N-Myristoyltransferase isozymes exhibit differential specificity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag and Nef (2024)

N-Myristoyltransferase isozymes exhibit differential specificity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag and Nef (1) https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83412-0 · N-Myristoyltransferase isozymes exhibit differential specificity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag and Nef (2) Full text

Journal: Journal of General Virology, 2008, №1, p.288-296

Publisher: Microbiology Society

Authors: Kelly E. Seaton, Charles D. Smith

Abstract

Myristoylation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proteins Gag and Nef byN-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is a key process in retroviral replication and virulence, yet remains incompletely characterized. Therefore, the roles of the two isozymes, NMT1 and NMT2, in myristoylating Gag and Nef were examined using biochemical and molecular approaches. Fluorescently labelled peptides corresponding to the N terminus of HIV-1 Gag or Nef were myristoylated by recombinant human NMT1 and NMT2. Kinetic analyses indicated that NMT1 and NMT2 had 30- and 130-fold lowerK<jats:sub>m</jats:sub>values for Nef than Gag, respectively. Values forK<jats:sub>cat</jats:sub>indicated that, once Gag or Nef binds to the enzyme, myristoylation by NMT1 and NMT2 proceeds at comparable rates. Furthermore, the catalytic efficiencies for the processing of Gag by NMT1 and NMT2 were equivalent. In contrast, NMT2 had approximately 5-fold higher catalytic efficiency for the myristoylation of Nef than NMT1. Competition experiments confirmed that the Nef peptide acts as a competitive inhibitor for the myristoylation of Gag. Experiments using full-length recombinant Nef protein also indicated a lowerK<jats:sub>m</jats:sub>for Nef myristoylation by NMT2 than NMT1. Small interfering RNAs were used to selectively deplete NMT1 and/or NMT2 from HEK293T cells expressing a recombinant Nef–sgGFP fusion protein. Depletion of NMT1 had minimal effect on the intracellular distribution of Nef–sgGFP, whereas depletion of NMT2 altered distribution to a diffuse, widespread pattern, mimicking that of a myristoylation-deficient mutant of Nef–sgGFP. Together, these findings indicate that Nef is preferentially myristoylated by NMT2, suggesting that selective inhibition of NMT2 may provide a novel means of blocking HIV virulence.

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FAQs

What is the enzyme in the human immunodeficiency virus? ›

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome encodes a variety of different proteins, including the essential viral enzymes protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN).

What is the role of IL 1β during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection? ›

The induction of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β is associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) disease or AIDS. Unlike most inflammatory cytokines that are regulated by NF-κB at the transcriptional level, production of mature IL-1β also depends on inflammasome activation.

How do you get immunodeficiency virus? ›

How does HIV spread? You can get HIV through the blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk and rectal fluids of an infected person. People of all sexes and sexual orientations can get infected with and spread HIV.

What are the diseases caused by human immunodeficiency virus? ›

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). When a person becomes infected with HIV, the virus attacks and weakens the immune system.

What does IL 1b do in inflammation? ›

The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key mediator of the inflammatory response. Essential for the host-response and resistance to pathogens, it also exacerbates damage during chronic disease and acute tissue injury.

What is human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection? ›

Worldwide, the majority of new HIV-1 infections originate from sexual exposures to virus transmitted from semen, with the risk of transmission being related to several virological, biological, and behavioural factors (e.g., HIV-1 subtype, mode of sexual exposure, condom use, penile circumcision, mucosal inflammation, ...

How does interleukin-1 affect the body? ›

Interleukin-1 is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature.

What is the enzyme in I cell disease? ›

I-cell disease is caused by a mutation in the GNPTA gene that leads to a deficiency in the enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucoseamine-1-phosphotransferase. I-cell disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait.

What are the enzymes in a virus? ›

The retroviral RNA genome encodes for three enzymes essential for virus replication: (i) the viral protease (PR), that converts the immature virion into a mature virus through the cleavage of precursor polypeptides; (ii) the reverse transcriptase (RT), responsible for the conversion of the single-stranded genomic RNA ...

What does human immunodeficiency virus contain? ›

HIV-1 virions contain two copies of a single-stranded RNA genome within a conical capsid surrounded by a plasma membrane of host-cell origin containing viral envelope proteins.

What are the enzymes in the immune system? ›

The tasks of these enzymes include: marking germs as targets for phagocytes, attracting other immune system cells from the bloodstream, destroying bacteria cell walls to kill the bacteria, and.

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